Lasers are cool. And drawing a laser in a straight line is easy enough: just plop down a sprite, maybe repeat it a few times, maybe stretch it.

But what if you want curved lasers? And what if you want a hundred of them updating at 120 frames per second?

When I first tried to answer this question, I could not find any resources on how to do this in a reasonably noob-friendly way. So I learned how meshes work, and here I am writing the resource myself.

Luckily, this problem is a lot harder to work through than…

(No narrative spoilers.)

Much has been said about the strange mechanic at the heart of Death Stranding — hiking through snowy mountains with a five-hundred pound stack of textbooks half-falling out of your backpack — especially on how fun it is. Some people think it’s not fun; other people say that games don’t have to be fun. I’m not interested in this question. I think there’s something more important to be asked about this mechanic: does the game commit to it?

Normally, games commit hard to their core mechanics, and this question becomes pointless. Some games will add new mechanics…

Bullet hell patterns can be incredibly complex, but as of today there isn’t really any way to succinctly describe them. The most basic element — the movement of a single object — is just a parametric equation, but everything on top of that is murky. How do you describe firing five bullets at the same time following the same parametric equation but slightly rotated for each successive bullet? How about firing five bullets over time? Or five bullets at the same time, fired five times over time? …

Unity’s Graphics.DrawMeshInstancedIndirect (from here on out, just DMII) is an absolute necessity for making danmaku games in Unity. At the same time, nobody seems to know what it is or how it works. As one of the confused, I'm somewhat hesitant to publish this, but hopefully it can help future me as well as other Unity randos be a little less lost when working with this odd API.

As you can probably guess, this article is maximally technical and maximally Unity-specific.

Strap in: this is a long ride.

Note that while this piece is oriented towards 2D games, the coding…

A few months ago, I wrote a somewhat disappointed review of Remnant: From the Ashes, in which I suggested that the goal of “Dark Souls with guns” might be best served by 2D games with combat loops based on the danmaku (bullet hell) genre. Given the ever-increasing proliferation of Soulslike games in disparate genres, I expected to eventually find a game doing just that. But I didn’t. So I decided to make it myself.

Progress has been fairly smooth since I started, and I’ve already released two scripts on Bulletforge, one of the sites that host Touhou fangames. This post…

Since Dark Souls first stunned the gaming community with its grueling-yet-fair combat centered around swords, axes, and halberds, one question has always lingered: can we make it with guns?

There have been but few attempts at this challenge. Remnant: From the Ashes is the second one I know of (after Immortal: Unchained — but we don’t talk about that). And this lack of treaded ground shows: Remnant, despite looking like Gun Souls and playing like Gun Souls, cannot answer the fundamental design questions that have kept Gun Souls a dream for nearly a decade.

In this article, we’ll go through…

This week, I played through Xenoblade Chronicles X (the 1.5th game in the series). A few hours after putting down the controller for good, I thought back to all the unique encounters and boss fights I had seen in the game — when I realized that I couldn’t remember a single one of them.

I wrote this article to answer this question: why can I remember Souls bosses from two years ago, but not the bosses from the game I completed today? What makes their design so different? Here, I’ll primarily be concerned with the question of enemy design in…

This was originally written as a short essay for a seminar I attended earlier this year, so the style may come off a bit starched. I’ve posted it here because I think it’s a meaningful attempt at drawing lines connecting several fields in modern science.

The manifold hypothesis is a critical (yet unproven) basis for deep learning. It claims that, while data in the real world is high-dimensional, it largely lies on low-dimensional manifolds, which means it can be efficiently categorized and reduced into simpler descriptions. The counterpoint to the opacity of deep learning algorithms is that they can efficiently…